Dalla schiavitù della legge alla libertà in Cristo
1Io dico: finché l’erede è minorenne, non differisce in nulla dal servo, benché sia padrone di tutto;2ma è sotto tutori e amministratori fino al tempo prestabilito dal padre.3Così anche noi, quando eravamo bambini, eravamo tenuti in schiavitù dagli elementi del mondo;4ma quando giunse la pienezza del tempo, Dio mandò suo Figlio, nato da donna, nato sotto la legge,5per riscattare quelli che erano sotto la legge, affinché noi ricevessimo l’adozione.6E, perché siete figli, Dio ha mandato lo Spirito del Figlio suo nei nostri cuori, che grida: «Abbà, Padre».7Così tu non sei più servo, ma figlio; e se sei figlio, sei anche erede per grazia di Dio.8In quel tempo, è vero, non avendo conoscenza di Dio, avete servito quelli che per natura non sono dèi;9ma ora che avete conosciuto Dio, o piuttosto che siete stati conosciuti da Dio, come mai vi rivolgete di nuovo ai deboli e poveri elementi, di cui volete rendervi schiavi di nuovo?10Voi osservate giorni, mesi, stagioni e anni!11Io temo di essermi affaticato invano per voi.12Siate come sono io, fratelli, ve ne prego, perché anch’io sono come voi.13Voi non mi faceste torto alcuno; anzi sapete bene che fu a motivo di una malattia che vi evangelizzai la prima volta;14e quella che nella mia carne era per voi una prova, non la disprezzaste né vi fece ribrezzo; al contrario mi accoglieste come un angelo di Dio, come Cristo Gesù stesso.15Dove sono dunque le vostre manifestazioni di gioia? Poiché vi rendo testimonianza che, se fosse stato possibile, vi sareste cavati gli occhi e me li avreste dati.16Sono dunque diventato vostro nemico dicendovi la verità?17Costoro[1] sono zelanti per voi, ma non per fini onesti; anzi vogliono staccarvi da noi affinché il vostro zelo si volga a loro.18Ora è una buona cosa essere in ogni tempo oggetto dello zelo altrui nel bene, e non solo quando sono presente tra di voi.19Figli miei, per i quali sono di nuovo in doglie finché Cristo sia formato in voi,20oh, come vorrei essere ora presente tra di voi e cambiare tono, perché sono perplesso a vostro riguardo!21Ditemi, voi che volete essere sotto la legge, non prestate ascolto alla legge?22Infatti sta scritto che Abraamo ebbe due figli[2]: uno dalla schiava e uno dalla donna libera;23ma quello della schiava nacque secondo la carne, mentre quello della libera nacque in virtù della promessa.24Queste cose hanno un senso allegorico, poiché queste donne sono due patti; uno, del monte Sinai[3], genera per la schiavitù, ed è Agar.25Infatti Agar è il monte Sinai in Arabia e corrisponde alla Gerusalemme del tempo presente, che è schiava con i suoi figli.26Ma la Gerusalemme di lassù è libera, ed è nostra madre.27Infatti sta scritto: «Rallègrati, sterile, che non partorivi! Prorompi in grida, tu che non avevi provato le doglie del parto! Poiché i figli dell’abbandonata saranno più numerosi di quelli di colei che aveva marito»[4].28Ora, fratelli, come Isacco, voi siete figli della promessa.29E come allora colui che era nato secondo la carne perseguitava quello che era nato secondo lo Spirito, così succede anche ora.30Ma che dice la Scrittura? «Caccia via la schiava e suo figlio; perché il figlio della schiava non sarà erede con il figlio della donna libera»[5].31Perciò, fratelli, noi non siamo figli della schiava, ma della donna libera.
1I mean that the heir, as long as he is a child, is no different from a slave,[1] though he is the owner of everything,2but he is under guardians and managers until the date set by his father.3In the same way we also, when we were children, were enslaved to the elementary principles[2] of the world. (Ga 2,4)4But when the fullness of time had come, God sent forth his Son, born of woman, born under the law, (Gen 3,15; Mar 1,15; Lu 2,21; Lu 2,27; Giov 1,14; Fili 2,7; 1Ti 2,6; 1Ti 2,15)5to redeem those who were under the law, so that we might receive adoption as sons. (Ro 8,15; Ga 3,13; Ga 3,26)6And because you are sons, God has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying, “Abba! Father!” (At 16,7; Ro 5,5; 2Co 3,17)7So you are no longer a slave, but a son, and if a son, then an heir through God. (Ga 3,29)
Paul’s Concern for the Galatians
8Formerly, when you did not know God, you were enslaved to those that by nature are not gods. (2Cr 13,9; Is 37,19; Ger 2,11; Ger 5,7; Ger 16,20; 1Co 1,21; 1Co 8,4; Ef 2,11; 1Te 1,9; 1Te 4,5; 2Te 1,8; 1G 4,8)9But now that you have come to know God, or rather to be known by God, how can you turn back again to the weak and worthless elementary principles of the world, whose slaves you want to be once more? (Ro 8,3; 1Co 8,3; Ga 3,3; Eb 7,18)10You observe days and months and seasons and years! (Ro 14,5; Col 2,16)11I am afraid I may have labored over you in vain. (Ga 2,2; Ga 5,2; Ga 5,4; 1Te 3,5)12Brothers,[3] I entreat you, become as I am, for I also have become as you are. You did me no wrong. (2Co 2,5; 2Co 6,13)13You know it was because of a bodily ailment that I preached the gospel to you at first, (1Co 2,3; Ga 1,6)14and though my condition was a trial to you, you did not scorn or despise me, but received me as an angel of God, as Christ Jesus. (1Sam 29,9; Mal 2,7; Mat 10,40; 2Co 5,20)15What then has become of your blessedness? For I testify to you that, if possible, you would have gouged out your eyes and given them to me.16Have I then become your enemy by telling you the truth?[4] (Ga 2,5)17They make much of you, but for no good purpose. They want to shut you out, that you may make much of them.18It is always good to be made much of for a good purpose, and not only when I am present with you, (Ga 4,13)19my little children, for whom I am again in the anguish of childbirth until Christ is formed in you! (Ro 8,10; 1Co 4,15; File 1,10; Giac 1,18)20I wish I could be present with you now and change my tone, for I am perplexed about you.
Example of Hagar and Sarah
21Tell me, you who desire to be under the law, do you not listen to the law?22For it is written that Abraham had two sons, one by a slave woman and one by a free woman. (Gen 16,5; Gen 21,2)23But the son of the slave was born according to the flesh, while the son of the free woman was born through promise. (Gen 17,16; Gen 18,10; Gen 18,14; Gen 21,1; Ro 9,7; Ga 4,28; Ga 4,29; Eb 11,11)24Now this may be interpreted allegorically: these women are two covenants. One is from Mount Sinai, bearing children for slavery; she is Hagar. (De 33,2; Ro 9,4)25Now Hagar is Mount Sinai in Arabia;[5] she corresponds to the present Jerusalem, for she is in slavery with her children.26But the Jerusalem above is free, and she is our mother. (Eb 12,22; Ap 3,12; Ap 21,2; Ap 21,10)27For it is written, “Rejoice, O barren one who does not bear; break forth and cry aloud, you who are not in labor! For the children of the desolate one will be more than those of the one who has a husband.” (Is 54,1)28Now you,[6] brothers, like Isaac, are children of promise. (Ro 9,8; Ga 3,29; Ga 4,23)29But just as at that time he who was born according to the flesh persecuted him who was born according to the Spirit, so also it is now. (Gen 21,9; Ga 5,11)30But what does the Scripture say? “Cast out the slave woman and her son, for the son of the slave woman shall not inherit with the son of the free woman.” (Gen 21,10; Giov 8,35)31So, brothers, we are not children of the slave but of the free woman. (1P 3,6)
Galati 4
King James Version
1Now I say, That the heir, as long as he is a child, differeth nothing from a servant, though he be lord of all;2But is under tutors and governors until the time appointed of the father.3Even so we, when we were children, were in bondage under the elements of the world:4But when the fulness of the time was come, God sent forth his Son, made of a woman, made under the law,5To redeem them that were under the law, that we might receive the adoption of sons.6And because ye are sons, God hath sent forth the Spirit of his Son into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father.7Wherefore thou art no more a servant, but a son; and if a son, then an heir of God through Christ.8Howbeit then, when ye knew not God, ye did service unto them which by nature are no gods.9But now, after that ye have known God, or rather are known of God, how turn ye again to the weak and beggarly elements, whereunto ye desire again to be in bondage?10Ye observe days, and months, and times, and years.11I am afraid of you, lest I have bestowed upon you labour in vain.12Brethren, I beseech you, be as I am; for I am as ye are: ye have not injured me at all.13Ye know how through infirmity of the flesh I preached the gospel unto you at the first.14And my temptation which was in my flesh ye despised not, nor rejected; but received me as an angel of God, even as Christ Jesus.15Where is then the blessedness ye spake of? for I bear you record, that, if it had been possible, ye would have plucked out your own eyes, and have given them to me.16Am I therefore become your enemy, because I tell you the truth?17They zealously affect you, but not well; yea, they would exclude you, that ye might affect them.18But it is good to be zealously affected always in a good thing, and not only when I am present with you.19My little children, of whom I travail in birth again until Christ be formed in you,20I desire to be present with you now, and to change my voice; for I stand in doubt of you.21Tell me, ye that desire to be under the law, do ye not hear the law?22For it is written, that Abraham had two sons, the one by a bondmaid, the other by a freewoman.23But he who was of the bondwoman was born after the flesh; but he of the freewoman was by promise.24Which things are an allegory: for these are the two covenants; the one from the mount Sinai, which gendereth to bondage, which is Agar.25For this Agar is mount Sinai in Arabia, and answereth to Jerusalem which now is, and is in bondage with her children.26But Jerusalem which is above is free, which is the mother of us all.27For it is written, Rejoice, thou barren that bearest not; break forth and cry, thou that travailest not: for the desolate hath many more children than she which hath an husband.28Now we, brethren, as Isaac was, are the children of promise.29But as then he that was born after the flesh persecuted him that was born after the Spirit, even so it is now.30Nevertheless what saith the scripture? Cast out the bondwoman and her son: for the son of the bondwoman shall not be heir with the son of the free woman.31So then, brethren, we are not children of the bondwoman, but of the free.
Nicht mehr Gefangene des Gesetzes, sondern Kinder Gottes
1Überlegt einmal: Solange der Erbe noch nicht volljährig ist, besteht zwischen ihm und einem Sklaven kein Unterschied, obwohl ihm als Erben schon alles gehört.2Bis zu dem vom Vater festgesetzten Zeitpunkt untersteht er einem Vormund, und Vermögensverwalter bestimmen über den Besitz.3Genauso ging es auch uns. Wie Unmündige waren wir allen Mächten und Zwängen dieser Welt ausgeliefert.4Als aber die von Gott festgesetzte Zeit kam, sandte er seinen Sohn zu uns. Christus wurde wie wir als Mensch geboren und den Forderungen des Gesetzes unterstellt.5Er sollte uns befreien, die wir Gefangene des Gesetzes waren, damit wir zu Kindern Gottes werden und alle damit verbundenen Rechte empfangen konnten.6Weil ihr nun seine Kinder seid, schenkte euch Gott seinen Geist, denselben Geist, den auch der Sohn hat. Jetzt können wir zu Gott kommen und zu ihm sagen: »Abba[1], lieber Vater!«7Ihr seid also nicht länger Gefangene des Gesetzes, sondern Söhne und Töchter Gottes. Und als Kinder Gottes seid ihr auch seine Erben, euch gehört alles, was Gott versprochen hat.
Paulus sorgt sich um seine Gemeinden
8Als ihr von Gott noch nichts wusstet, habt ihr sogenannten Göttern gedient, die in Wirklichkeit gar keine sind.9Nachdem ihr nun aber Gott kennt und liebt – genauer gesagt, nachdem Gott euch kennt und liebt –, wie ist es da möglich, dass ihr euch diesen armseligen und kümmerlichen Zwängen wieder beugt und unterwerft?10Oder warum sonst legt ihr so großen Wert auf die Einhaltung bestimmter Tage, Monate, Feste und Jahre?11Ich mache mir Sorgen um euch! Ist denn meine ganze Arbeit bei euch vergeblich gewesen?12Liebe Brüder und Schwestern, ich bitte euch: Folgt meinem Beispiel und lasst euch nicht unter das Gesetz zwingen. Denn auch ich habe mich nach euch gerichtet, und ihr habt mich bisher noch nie gekränkt.13Ihr erinnert euch sicherlich daran, als ich das erste Mal bei euch war und euch die rettende Botschaft verkündete. Damals war ich krank,14und obwohl meine Krankheit eine Bewährungsprobe für euren Glauben war, habt ihr mich weder verachtet noch abgewiesen. Im Gegenteil, ihr habt mich wie einen Engel Gottes aufgenommen, ja, wie Jesus Christus selbst.15Wie glücklich und dankbar wart ihr doch damals! Und heute? Ich bin sicher, zu der Zeit hättet ihr sogar eure Augen für mich hergegeben.[2]16Bin ich jetzt euer Feind geworden, weil ich euch die volle Wahrheit sage?17Diese Leute, die euch zurzeit so umschmeicheln, meinen es nicht ehrlich mit euch. Sie wollen nur erreichen, dass ihr euch von mir abwendet und ihnen nacheifert.18Nun hätte ich gar nichts dagegen, wenn es auch andere gäbe, die sich für euch einsetzen. Es soll aber in guter Absicht geschehen – und zwar immer, und nicht nur, wenn ich bei euch bin.[3]19Euretwegen, meine lieben Kinder, leide ich noch einmal alle Schmerzen und Ängste, wie sie eine Mutter bei der Geburt ihres Kindes auszustehen hat – so lange, bis Christus in eurem Leben Gestalt gewonnen hat.20Könnte ich doch nur bei euch sein und mit meinen Worten euer Herz erreichen! Ich weiß wirklich nicht, was ich noch mit euch machen soll!
Das Beispiel von Hagar und Sara
21Ihr wollt euch also dem Gesetz unterwerfen. Wisst ihr denn eigentlich, was im Gesetz steht?22Dort heißt es, dass Abraham zwei Söhne hatte: einen von der Sklavin Hagar und einen von seiner Frau Sara, die als Freie geboren war.23Der Sohn der Sklavin wurde geboren, weil Abraham endlich einen Sohn haben wollte, der Sohn der Freien dagegen, weil Gott ihn versprochen hatte.[4]24Am Beispiel dieser beiden Frauen will uns Gott zeigen, wie verschieden seine beiden Bündnisse mit den Menschen sind. Den einen Bund, für den Hagar steht, schloss Gott auf dem Berg Sinai mit dem Volk Israel, als er ihm das Gesetz gab. Dieses Gesetz aber versklavt uns.25Hagar weist auf den Berg Sinai in Arabien hin. Er entspricht dem Jerusalem unserer Zeit, denen, die am Gesetz festhalten und deshalb nie frei werden.26Die andere Frau aber, von der wir abstammen, ist frei. Sie weist auf das neue Jerusalem im Himmel hin.27Von ihr heißt es in der Heiligen Schrift: »Sei fröhlich, du Unfruchtbare, auch wenn du nie ein Kind geboren hast. Juble und jauchze, du Kinderlose! Denn du, die du allein bist, wirst mehr Kinder haben als die Frau, die einen Mann hat.« (Is 54,1)28Liebe Brüder und Schwestern, ihr verdankt euer Leben wie Isaak der Zusage Gottes.29Allerdings verfolgte schon damals der Sohn der Sklavin – der geboren wurde, weil Menschen es so wollten – den Sohn der Freien, der geboren wurde, weil Gott es wollte. Genauso ist es auch noch heute.30Aber was sagt die Heilige Schrift dazu? »Jage die Sklavin und ihren Sohn fort! Denn der Sohn der Freien soll nicht mit ihm das Erbe teilen müssen!« (Gen 21,10)31Wir aber, meine lieben Brüder und Schwestern, sind nicht die Kinder der Sklavin, sondern der Freien!